Source record CMC Political Work Department · 2026-06-10

What Did the Earliest 'Pistol Cartridges' Look Like? A Brief History of Pistol Cartridge Development

最早的“手枪弹”什么样？浅说手枪弹发展史

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Desk	China Desk
Publishing institution	CMC Political Work Department
Source outlet	PLA Daily (解放军报) (pla_daily)
Source language	zh-Hans — an attribute of the source, not of this record
Source-stated publication date	2026-06-10
Original URL	http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16466493.html
Collected at	2026-06-10 16:15:18 — collection metadata, not a publication time
Content fingerprint	046dc6c5a95e83b7c6c7d76556466e51d0b458bbdfce24c8e467d9c9b0b2e56f — taken when the record was captured, over the stored original title and text
Collection run	53
Analysis model	claude-sonnet-4-6
Prompt version	v1

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浅说手枪弹发展史 ■刘建元赵振升博查特C-93半自动手枪及其配备的7.65毫米博查特手枪弹。人们印象中的手枪弹通常由4部分组成——弹头、弹壳、发射药和底火。换句话说，它是由弹壳牵连起弹头、发射药和底火的完整单元。但最早的“手枪弹”，却是另一番模样。15世纪初期，明朝战场上出现了一种小型铜制火铳——手铳。使用时，射手先从铳口填入火药、药线，然后灌装一些铁丸。点燃药线，便可发射铁丸攻击敌人。如果说手铳是手枪的鼻祖，那么，手铳内装填的铁丸便是手枪弹的雏形。之后世界各国陆续研发的火门手枪、火绳手枪、燧发手枪，大体上采取的也都是这种构型。 1836年，法国人卡西米尔·勒福舍发明了一种带铜质弹壳的整体式子弹——针刺式子弹，同时还研发了可发射该弹的左轮手枪。该弹弹壳底部外侧有一个外置击针，针的一端触及弹壳内的火药。通过枪械击锤敲击击针，点燃火药即可发射弹丸。 19世纪中期是枪械由前装弹药向后装弹药过渡的时期。当时金属弹壳还未普及，为了实现连续装填射击的功能，设计人员研制出一种称作“火箭球”的早期手枪弹，弹头截面呈中空锥形，发射药填装在弹头尾部空腔内，再装上底火。击发后，底火点燃空腔内的装填药，火药气体产生的压力将弹头射出。真正意义上的定装手枪弹诞生于19世纪后期，当时被称作中央底火弹。这种设计一直沿用至今。但是，当时的子弹装填药主要为黑火药，威力、可靠性都不足。 19世纪末，无烟火药的出现给手枪弹带来革命性改变。其中，较为有名的是博查特C-93半自动手枪配备的7.65毫米博查特手枪弹，率先使用无底缘弹壳和无烟火药。在子弹构型方面，设计师参考了德国毛瑟圆头步枪弹的构造，研制出早期自动手枪弹。此举赋予了手枪弹的另一个特征——采用步枪弹的瓶型弹壳。这种手枪弹最终由德国洛伦茨金属制造厂定型投产，用博查特C-93手枪发射时初速约为385米/秒，弹道性能、杀伤威力、精准度显著优于同期的黑火药转轮手枪弹。 20世纪初至中期，圆弹头手枪弹成为主流。这是因为这种构型的弹头拥有良好的空气动力学特征，空中飞行更稳定、弹道更笔直，有利于精准命中，能取得较好的弹道性能、穿深威力、毁伤效能。这一过程中，尖弹头的手枪弹也在发展。比如，20世纪初的部分警用或特种手枪弹，就采用了尖弹头，以提升近距离射击的精度等。随着手枪弹初速提高，科研人员开始从弹头尾部形状入手，研究弹道空气动力学以及弹道末端伤害。20世纪中后期，部分高性能手枪弹开始采用“船尾型”设计，即将弹头尾部设计成梯形，这样可以减少乱流，降低风阻，增加子弹飞行的稳定性，尤其是在弹道末端还能保证一定的弹道稳定性。从手枪弹的发展来看，尖弹头和“船尾型”设计虽然有所应用，但传统圆头手枪弹凭借自身综合性能优势，生命力更强，至今仍在各型手枪中普遍使用。

Summary

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A PLA-affiliated article by Liu Jianyuan and Zhao Zhensheng traces the developmental history of pistol cartridges from Ming dynasty hand cannons through the 7.65mm Borchardt round and into modern boat-tail designs, with no operational or unit-specific content. This is popular military history writing aimed at a general or junior military audience; its value is as a baseline record of how PLA media frames small-arms technical education, not as evidence of doctrine, procurement interest, or changed posture.

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Source text. CMC Political Work Department. "最早的“手枪弹”什么样？浅说手枪弹发展史." PLA Daily (解放军报), 2026-06-10. http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16466493.html.

As held. Indo-Pacific Record, China Desk Corpus, Record 1260, Snapshot — 2026-08-26 (3,574 records).

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